# Extending isotopies of planar continua | Annals of Mathematics

Abstract In this paper we solve the following problem in the affirmative: Let Z be a continuum in the plane ℂ and suppose that h:Z×[0,1]→ℂ is an isotopy starting at the identity. Can h be extended to an isotopy of the plane? We will provide a new characterization of an accessible point in a planar continuum Z and use it to show that accessibility of a point is preserved during the isotopy. We show next that the isotopy can be extended over small hyperbolic crosscuts which are shown to remain small under the isotopy. The proof makes use of the notion of a metric external ray, which mimics the notion of a conformal external ray, but is easier to control during an isotopy. It also relies on the existence of a partition of a hyperbolic, simply connected domain U in the sphere, into hyperbolically convex subsets, which have limited distortion under conformal maps to the unit disk.

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### 数学年刊（Annals of Mathematics）

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