# Differentiating maps into $L^1$, and the geometry of $\rm BV$ functions | Annals of Mathematics

Abstract This is one of a series of papers examining the interplay between differentiation theory for Lipschitz maps X→V and bi-Lipschitz nonembeddability, where X is a metric measure space and V is a Banach space. Here, we consider the case V=L1, where differentiability fails. We establish another kind of differentiability for certain X, including ℝn and ℍ, the Heisenberg group with its Carnot-Carathéodory metric. It follows that ℍ does not bi-Lipschitz embed into L1, as conjectured by J. Lee and A. Naor. When combined with their work, this provides a natural counterexample to the Goemans-Linial conjecture in theoretical computer science; the first such counterexample was found by Khot-Vishnoi [KV05]. A key ingredient in the proof of our main theorem is a new connection between Lipschitz maps to L1 and functions of bounded variation, which permits us to exploit results on the structure of BV functions on the Heisenberg group [FSSC01].

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### 数学年刊（Annals of Mathematics）

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